Epitome- a few fundamentl and reopresentvative ideas to be elaborated later.
Process of epitomizing:
- selecting one type of content as the organizing content
- listing all of the organizing content thatr is to be taught in the course
- selecting a few organinzing content ideas that are the most basic, simple and/or fundamental
- presenting those ideas at the application level rather than the more superficial and abstract memorization level.
Principle - demand & supply
- if understand, go to more concrete discussion of supply
- if don't understand, just give more examples until they understand the basic concept of supply and demand
Process of elaboration:
First Level
Second Level
Needs Assessment and TechniquesWhat is a needs assessment?
What does a "need" mean in instructional design?
- A need is generally considered to be a discrepancy or gap between "what is" and " what should be". In other workd, a need is the discrepancy between current and desired results or concequences
Levels of need:
- Level 1, primary, service receivers. Students, clients, patients, information users, commuters, potential customers.
- Level 2, secondary, service providers & policy makers. Teachers, parents, social workers, caretakers, health care professionals, postal employees, librarians, asministrators, supervisors, managers, plant workers.
- Level 3, tertiary, resources or solutions. Buildings, facilities, equipment, supplies, technology, programs, class size, surgical procedures, information systems, transportation, salaries & benefits, program delivery system, time allocation, working conditions.
Preassessment
- the purpose of the preassessment is to investigate what is already known abou tht eneeds of the target group; to determine the focus and scope of the assessment; and to gain commitment for all stages of the assessment.
- two steps for preassessment; step one: identify what is and what should be, step two: identify the needs and prioritize the needs.
Main Assessment
- the purpose is to document the status, the "what is" of the issue, to compare with the vision of "what should be" and to determine the magnitude of the needs and their causes
- use the output of preassessment as an input for formal assessment
Postassessment
- postassessment is crucial to the success of the needs assessment, it's purpose is to plan to use the information in a practical way. in other words, it is the bridge from analysis to action it answers the important questions;
Cognitive Style - refers to preferences for, or dominant modes of, infomation processing. Originated from personality research, it is adopted by cognitive psychologists who investigate individual's typical modes of perceiving, thinking, remembering and problem solving
Learning Style - refers to those conditions under which we best learn. For example auditory, visual, kinesthetic, etc...
Multiple Inteligences - Howard Gardner - linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, body kinesthetic, interpresonal, naturalist, existential, intrapersonal
Powerpoint with our understanding of the theory we were assigned (Merril's theory) and come up with an instructional scenerio.
